Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Surgical Closure

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Surgical Closure Careful conclusion of secundum atrial septal deformity in a patient with atrial situs solitus and interfered with sub-par vena cava: report of 2 cases Watchwords: Interrupted substandard vena cava, Situs solitus, Atrium septal deformities, constrained skin entry point Unique The event of an interfered with substandard vena cava (IVC) in setting of atrial situs solitus is moderately uncommon. Here, we announced two instances of the careful conclusion of secundum chamber septal imperfections (ASDs) in patients with atrial situs solitus and an intruded on IVC. The principal case was a 7-year-old kid with a secundum ASD without the back edge whose intruded on IVC and azygos continuation had been preoperatively analyzed by the echocardiography and cardiovascular catheterization. The activity was securely performed utilizing a huge estimated venous waste cannula from the prevalent vena cava (SVC). The subsequent case was a 2-year-old kid with a secundum ASD without the predominant edge whose interfered with IVC was not analyzed at the preoperative assessment. The activity was performed through a middle halfway sternotomy by means of a 5.0cm constrained skin entry point, so immediate examination of the SVC was not plainly acquired. A cardiopulmonary detour was set up utilizing the suggested size of venous seepage cannulae; be that as it may, the SVC couldn't be expelled without hoisting the SVC pressure. Subsequently, the ASD was shut straightforwardly under sucking the venous come back from the SVC without catching it. Post-employable figured tomography distinguished an intruded on IVC with azygos continuation and an industriousness of both supracardinal veins, known as a twofold IVC. Presentation While an intruded on second rate vena cava (IVC) on account of the nonappearance of its hepatic portion is fundamentally noted in patients with heterotaxy disorder, the event of an interfered with IVC inside the atrial situs solitus is accounted for as running from 0.08 to 0.1% [1,2,3]. In these patients, cardiovascular mutations are as often as possible related, and the primary kinds of variations from the norm incorporate atrial septal deformities (ASDs, 10.5 %) and ventricular septal imperfections (7.5 %) [1]. In spite of the fact that this fundamental venous irregularity gives no indications without anyone else, it is by all accounts important in heart medical procedure, particularly in techniques that require approaches through the correct chamber. Here, we revealed two instances of the careful conclusion of secundum ASD in patients with atrial situs solitus and intruded on IVC, concentrating on perioperative discoveries and related issues. Case Case 1 A clinically asymptomatic 7-year-old kid (body weight, 22 kg; stature, 125 cm) with an ASD secundum, which was identified at 10 years old months, was conceded for careful conclusion of the sore. Gadget ASD conclusion by catheter mediation was contraindicated in view of the nonappearance of the back edge. Preoperative echocardiography uncovered an atrial sinus solitus with a 18 by 21-mm ASD secundum without the back edge and relative valvular pneumonic stenosis. Likewise, interfered with IVC was associated in light of the fact that waste with the IVC into the correct chamber was not identified. Cardiovascular catheterization to survey the sign for careful pneumonic valvotomy demonstrated a foundational and aspiratory blood stream proportion of 3.14 and pull-buck pressure angle of 10 mmHg from the correct ventricle to the fundamental pneumonic corridor. Moreover, no hepatic portion of the IVC was recognized; along these lines, an intruded on IVC with azygos continuation was affirmed (F ig. 1). Through the middle full sternotomy, a cardiopulmonary detour was built up utilizing blood vessel cannulation through rising aorta perfusion with a 16-Fr cannula and venous waste from the unrivaled vena cava (SVC) and the hepatic vein utilizing 28 and 20 Fr cannulae, though suggested cannulae sizes were 20 and 24 Fr, individually. The ASD secundum was shut straightforwardly through the privilege atriotomy under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic capture. The activity was finished with no issues. Case 2 A clinically asymptomatic 2-year-old kid (body weight, 10 kg; stature, 81 cm) had as of late been determined to have an enormous ASD secundum without the predominant edge. Further assessment uncovered an atrial sinus solitus, a 18 by 18-mm ASD secundum without the predominant edge, and a bicuspid aortic valve. Be that as it may, an intruded on IVC was not analyzed. Through a middle halfway sternotomy by means of a constrained skin entry point (50mm long), a cardiopulmonary detour was built up utilizing blood vessel cannulation through rising aorta perfusion with a 12-Fr cannula and venous waste from the SVC and hepatic vein, in spite of the fact that it was believed to be an IVC around then, utilizing the suggested sizes of 16 and 18 Fr cannulae. During the medical procedure, the SVC was endeavored to be trapped, yet it couldn't be a result of the raising SVC pressure. The profundity of cannula and the area of trapping were more than once changed without settling this issue; accordingly, the SVC was left without being trapped. The ASD secundum was shut straightforwardly under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic capture with sucking the venous come back from the SVC. Weaning off from cardiopulmonary detour was uneventful, and the activity was finished with no issues. Post-employable registered tomography demonstrated an intruded on IVC with az ygos continuation and a perseverance of both supracardinal veins, known as twofold IVC (Fig. 2). On clinical registration at the outpatient center one year after release, propelled wiped out sinus disorder was identified by electrocardiography. 24-Hour Holter electrocardiography checking demonstrated that the complete number of pulses was 142,036 every day, 8 beats of secluded untimely atrial withdrawals, and had no proof of untimely ventricular constrictions or more than 2.5 seconds of sinus present. Conversation Like the first introduced case, an intruded on IVC with azygos continuation can as a rule be analyzed by preoperative echocardiography [1], which can be effectively rewarded at the foundation of a cardiopulmonary detour by choosing sufficiently measured venous cannulae. In the event that it isn't preoperatively analyzed, direct intra-usable assessment for the most part makes the analysis conceivable. In any case, the corrective result must be thought about during careful ASD fix just as secure deformity conclusion after the advancement of percutaneous gadget conclusion, as in the subsequent case. In this way, a constrained skin cut with incomplete sternotomy was chosen for this patient, which lamentably intruded on away from of the SVC. Determination of huge estimated SVC seepage cannula ought to have been viewed as first during deficient venous waste, be that as it may, which was conceded in light of the fact that the all out cardiopulmonary detour was effectively settled as long as the SVC was not trapped. Similar to our arrangement, the IVC isn't trapped during the end of the ASD secundum so as to acquire a specific recognizable proof of the back edge. Along these lines, the tip of the IVC waste cannula was situated at the IVC around the privilege atrial intersection for adequate seepage of both the IVC and hepatic venous blood stream. Accordingly, such a move empowered the foundation of an all out cardiopulmonary detour with little estimated SVC waste cannula and in the end huge â€Å"hepatic vein† cannula. As appeared in Case 2, a strange IVC is known to go with different musicality issue, however just a couple of cases have been accounted for [4,5]. One of the reasons for musicality issue is the degeneration of the atrial muscle around the sinus hub, which may happen because of a neighborhood volume over-burden on the sinus hub by the nearness of azygos continuation. In spite of the fact that the all out number of heart pulsates was very much kept up and more than 2.5 seconds of a sinus present was not seen as of not long ago, a planned follow-up was obligatory for early discovery of further progression of the sinus hub brokenness. In synopsis, two careful encounters of secundum ASD related with an intruded on IVC with azygos continuation were accounted for. Under fractional sternotomy by means of constrained skin entry point, insurances ought to be taken to identify the nearness of this venous abnormality if venous seepage from the SVC isn't enough gotten utilizing cannula of the suggested size.

Cloud On Chandlers Head Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cloud On Raymond chandlers Head Essay, Research Paper Indeed, even the cloud in Chandler # 8217 ; s life is little, such as everything else he is related with. A little cloud is at times ideal to take a gander at due to the difference it appears against the pale blue sky, however it is non of much utilization, on the off chance that you are searching for downpour. A little cloud in the sky after numerous hot yearss prods the expectations however does non present what it guarantees. Is non equipped for introducing. In the graceful universe of Chandler, his idyllic capabilities/abilities resemble the little cloud. It is extraordinary that he feels that he can create poesy, and along these lines separate himself from the rest of his universe, however he can non achieve a lot. # 8220 ; Chandler coasts on a little cloud, an ephemeral one, after his gathering with Gallaher, and he wants to other than be a writer. This craving recharged in him after his gathering causes him to react with sicken at his wedded lady and child who he considers to be the deterrents to his originative impotency. We will compose a custom article test on Cloud On Chandlers Head Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page # 8221 ; In this quote, word cloud could be clarified in various manners like: Chandler is on a haze of felicity at the thoughts he engages due to his rejoining with gallaher and in light of Gallaher # 8217 ; s ain achievement. Another way of elucidating is that the little cloud was a little dark cloud ever hanging over Chandler # 8217 ; s caput, keeping up him from gaining where he needed to travel, keeping up him in Ireland, that overcast, blustery, # 8216 ; dull # 8217 ; little topographic point. He is such a dull little grown-up male with little authorities and significantly littler grit, and I imagined him before as a little delicate squirmy feline who looks down on individuals he wishes to accept are underneath him. He longs for greatness he will neer ever perceive, on the grounds that he needs the stuff to be fruitful in any case # 8230 ; thus the little cloud is ever over his caput. Chandler in this account as missing religion in his ain individuals, questioning their worth, in any event, devaluating them, despite the fact that he is befuddled about this. It is just as there is a rationalization going on in this account between Chandler psyche and his instinct, or his heart/memory and his cerebrum/future expectations and desires. In the wake of naming to Gallaher s style, # 8220 ; I wear # 8217 ; t extravagant restricting myself up to one grown-up female # 8230 ; must gain a spot stale I should think. # 8221 ; along these lines, there is a break in the account. Chandler has here been at # 8220 ; the male rulers motel # 8221 ; where he *works* , so to Corless # 8217 ; s, a topographic point where the ari stocracy bents out ( non individuals like him ) †¦then he goes place, so it resembles coming back to put, to Ireland from topographic focuses up to this point were related with britishness ( male rulers inn, corless ) . At the point when Chandler returns home, he starts to accept about his wedded lady in any case, out of nowhere she has stifling eyes, and everything about her and in any event, everything in the house that she bought begins to look terrible and insidiousness and his child turns into a yelling annoyance with whom he can’t exchange which is keeping up him â€Å"imprisoned everlastingly, his weaponries trembling with anger† as he holds the child. From the get-go in the story, as Chandler’ picks ably through the vermin-like life in the city, he thinks, â€Å"no memory of the past contacted him, for his head was loaded with a present joy.† Here, I think Joyce s point is clarified. He sees individuals like Gallaher and the future Chandler as individuals who have overlooked the days of old ( or don’t consideration or don’t comprehend ) and who wish only to populate in a ‘present area of joy’ , a territory of delight and riches and solace. All things considered, I can't help thinking that despite the fact that Chandler is sickened by Gallaher, some other bit of him despite everything wishes to hold what Gallaher has like honorability at topographic focuses like cantina. We see the result of Ignatius and his sort on the waxy leader of a feline like Chandler. Chandler has a covered enrichment and he is bashful to step up for himself. He doesn Ts have confirmation like Gallaher and there is distinction we can see like one is on the highest point of the universe and the other one is caught in his ain universe, unfit to make his finishes. Chandler wouldn T crow to his wedded lady about his fantasies and what he could hold been in the event that he didn t get hitched. Chandler was straightforward and earnest in questioning # 8211 ; in light of the fact that who had ever known about dead individuals awakening # 8211 ; and confronted his solid convictions. He has goals, dreams, yet comes up short on the capacity to bring through those fantasies. It is the equivalent genuinely at the terminal unnecessarily when he can non pull off the child and can non explain to his wedded lady what had occurred. He has parts to state yet isn T ready to demonstrate his emotions to others which is his existent coming up short. By taking the darkest and tightest avenues to walk totally wouldn t anything great to him. He ought to perceive that he needs to enliven himself to step up so as to bring through his fantasies. I wear # 8217 ; t like this character, however I like the word picture and the account tonss.

How to Activate Facebook Authorship For your Website

How to Activate Facebook Authorship For your Website Social media site is very important for delivering the content towards large size audience. But if your social media site name is different from your domain name then search engine often unable to detect that this is your websites social media page. Formerly in Google there was an authorship markup to display authors image in search engine result page. But this authorship is no more active for sites author, Google has shut it down and introduced Google Plus page which is helping to display author image on search engine result page. After publishing content on Blog or website if you share it on Google Plus page then Search robot instantly index it. After few minutes if your search your content on Google chrome then you would see your content is displaying with your picture. Similarly Facebook has a hidden option which is called Facebook Authorship. This is not exactly like Google authorship but it will indicate Blog or websites author personal profile on facebook fan page. What is Facebook Authorship? Facebook authorship helps the fan page visitors to see and get information about Blog or website authors personal facebook profile through URL which is visible below shared content. But It will display the profile or page link with its name on Facebook not in search engine. To verify this facebook use a simple markup (META tag), this should be place on your Blog or websites header section. I think this is little but confusing. After integrating META tag on your websites header section facebook authorship markup will activate and once it is activated, visitors will able to follow your personal profile from your Facebook fan page. Types of Facebook Authorship verification There are 2 ways we can verify our Facebook Authorship. Which one you would like to prefer this is up to you. Personal Page verifying Facebook Authorship page through personal page means on your Blogs fan page your personal facebook fan page URL will also display. And users will able to visit your personal page from your websites fan page. Fan Page If you want to hide your personal facebook page from your Blog readers then you can verify Facebook Authorship through your Fan page. This will display related posts with your Facebook page. So we can understand that Facebook Authorship helping us to increase our reach, our follower and our fan page brand awareness. How to setup Facebook Authorship in Blogger and other Blogging Platform? This isnt very hard to verify Facebook Authorship through Blogger or other blogging platform. You just need to add a Meta tag in the Blog or websites head section. But I have mentioned above that there are 2 ways we can verify authorship on Facebook. So I am explaining one by one- Facebook Authorship verification through Personal Page This will enable to display your personal page URL with your shared content. And people will able to follow you from your Blog fan page. So first we need to enable Follow me option from personal facebook profile page. It allows the reader to follow you for future posts. However you need to activate it from your Facebook settings. And if you have not enabled then enable it first by following below steps-. Step 1 Go to your personal Facebook Profile page Step 2 And top right drop From Menu click on Settings Step 3 Click Followers link from left Vertical Menu. Select Everybody where written Who Can Follow Me. Congrats you are now ready to add Facebook Authorship markup in your Blogger site. Please follow the below steps- Step1Log in to yourBlogger Accountand Go to yourBlogger Dashboard Step2Simply Click on-Template-Edit HTML Step3Now add the below code after/below opening head meta content='https://www.facebook.com/profile_name' property='article:author'/ Customization Replace https://www.facebook.com/profile_name with your personal facebook page URL. Step 4Now simply hit theSave template button. You are now ready to share your content with verified facebook author page. Facebook Authorship verification through Fan Page For verifying Facebook Authorship through Fan page you dont need to enable follower features. Just go through the below steps- Step1Log in to yourBlogger Accountand Go to yourBlogger Dashboard Step2From Blogger Dashboard Click on -Template-Edit HTML Step3Now add the below code after/below opening head meta content='https://www.facebook.com/fanpage_name' property='article:author'/ Customization Replace https://www.facebook.com/fanpage_name with your personal facebook page URL. Step 4Now simply hit theSave template button. In case of other Blogging platform just edit the theme and find the opening head and simply add the authorship markup. Now you have successfully setup Facebook authorship on your website. Now you just need to enable it. Dont worry. Its not a rocket science technique. Just follow the steps. Activating Authorship This is optional method but to confirm facebook authorship you should go through it. Step 1Go to Facebook Object Debugger through https://developers.facebook.com/tools/debug/ URL Step 2Now enter your Website or Blog URL e.g. www.yourdomain.com and click on Debug button. Step 3 Now check out the preview below on the same page and your authorship URL should display there. If not then click on Fetch new Scrape Information from the top of the page and it will start showing authorship. Its time to share something in Facebook fan page. So share any URL and see your personal profile or fanpage URL displaying below the shared content. And your Fan page visitors will easily visit your personal page through your fan page.

Chromosome Function and Mutation

A chromosome is a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information and is formed from condensed chromatin. Chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins that are tightly packed together to form  chromatin fibers. Condensed chromatin fibers form chromosomes. Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of our cells. They are paired together (one from the mother and one from the father) and are known as homologous chromosomes. During cell division, chromosomes are replicated and distributed equally among each new daughter cell. Key Takeaways: Chromosomes Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins packed tightly to form long chromatin fibers. Chromosomes house genes responsible for the inheritance of traits and guidance of life processes.Chromosome structure consists of a long arm region and a short arm region connected at a central region known as a centromere. The ends of a chromosome are called telomeres.Duplicated or replicated chromosomes have the familiar X-shape and are composed of identical sister chromatids.During cell division, sister chromatids separate and are incorporated into new daughter cells.Chromosomes contain the genetic codes for protein production. Proteins regulate vital cellular processes and provide structural support for cells and tissues.Chromosome mutations result in changes in chromosome structure or changes in cellular chromosome numbers. Mutations most often have harmful consequences. Chromosome Structure A telomere is a region of the DNA sequence at the end of a chromosome. Their function is to protect the ends of the chromosome from degradation. Here they are visible as highlights at the tips of the chromosomes. Credit: Science Picture Co/Subjects/Getty Images A non-duplicated chromosome is single-stranded and consists of a centromere region that connects two arm regions. The short arm region is called the p arm and the long arm region is called the ​q arm. The end region of a chromosome is called a telomere. Telomeres consist of repeating non-coding DNA  sequences that get shorter as a cell divides. Chromosome Duplication Chromosome duplication occurs prior to the division processes of mitosis and meiosis. DNA replication processes allow correct chromosome numbers to be preserved after the original cell divides. A duplicated chromosome is comprised of two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids that are connected at the centromere region. Sister chromatids remain together until the end of the division process where they are separated by spindle fibers and enclosed within separate cells. Once the paired chromatids separate from one another, each is known as a daughter chromosome. Chromosomes and Cell Division Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA and proteins. During cell division, chromosomes consist of two arms, or chromatids, which are joined by a centromere. Joined chromatids are called sister chromatids. Credit: Adrian T Sumner/The Image Bank/Getty Images One of the most important elements of successful cell division is the correct distribution of chromosomes. In mitosis, this means that chromosomes must be distributed between two daughter cells. In meiosis, chromosomes must be distributed among four daughter cells. The cells spindle apparatus is responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division. This type of cell movement is due to interactions between spindle microtubules and motor proteins, which work together to manipulate and separate chromosomes. It is vitally important that a correct number of chromosomes be preserved in dividing cells. Errors that occur during cell division may result in individuals with unbalanced chromosome numbers. Their cells may have either too many or not enough chromosomes. This type of occurrence is known as aneuploidy and may happen in autosomal chromosomes during mitosis or in sex chromosomes during meiosis. Anomalies in chromosome numbers can result in birth defects, developmental disabilities, and death. Chromosomes and Protein Production DNA is transcribed and translated to produce proteins. Reverse transcription converts RNA to DNA. ttsz/iStock/Getty Images Plus   Protein production is a vital cell process that is dependent upon chromosomes and DNA. Proteins are important molecules that are necessary for almost all cell functions. Chromosomal DNA contains segments called genes that code for proteins. During protein production, the DNA unwinds and its coding segments are transcribed into an RNA transcript. This copy of the DNA message is exported from the nucleus and then translated to form a protein. Ribosomes and another RNA molecule, called transfer RNA, work together to bind to the RNA transcript and convert the coded message into a protein. Chromosome Mutation Genetic Mutation. BlackJack3D/E/Getty Images Chromosome mutations are changes that occur in chromosomes and are typically the result of either errors that happen during meiosis or by exposure to mutagens such as chemicals or radiation. Chromosome breakage and duplications can cause several types of chromosome structural changes that are typically harmful to the individual. These types of mutations result in chromosomes with extra genes, not enough genes, or genes that are in the wrong sequence. Mutations can also produce cells that have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Abnormal chromosome numbers typically occur as a result of nondisjunction or the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.

Clinical Experience And Professional Growth Journal

Clinical Experience and Professional Growth Journal Public health nursing is an important aspect of nursing field, which contributes tremendously to the safety and health of our society. Public health nurses work hard to assure our communities are healthy and are able to attain needed support to be self-sufficient. However, it seems their hard work goes unnoticed by vast majority of our society. This of course, is my opinion, but I would say that if I were to survey various communities, most people would say that â€Å"Nurses just work in the hospital†. I could be very wrong. For the purpose of this journal I would like to discuss the following eight items based on my experience in this class: (a) settings visited, (b) nursing activities, (c) population served, (d) cultural and spiritual issues, (e) quality of life, (f) client education opportunities, (g) education provided by me, and (h) what I have learned and incorporate into my own nursing philosophy with respect to community health. I will conclude this journal by discussing an evidence-based article on the topic of bullying among children and how public health nurses can and should play a significant role in educating and hopefully supporting the society in curtailing this phenomenon among the children. Up to today, in a very short amount of time, I have had the opportunity to be able to visit numerous settings and participate in the activities that are offered by the following organizations: Foothill Unity, Boys andShow MoreRelatedRichard Benner s Theory Of Nurses Developing Skills And Understandin g Of The Patients Care Overtime1022 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom their continued efforts towards trying to achieve strong education and personal experience. The theory explains the five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. 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Communicable Diseases ( Hiv ) - 971 Words

Over the years, communicable diseases have created a host of serious problems. These diseases cause physical, emotional, and even financial problems in our societies today. Communicable diseases refer to a sickness that passed on through the transmission of infectious illnesses. People, food, animals or water can pass many infections from humans to humans or animals to humans. Humans can pass infectious diseases to each other from touching or exchanging body fluids. In 1981, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) marked the official start of the HIV epidemic which became one of the world’s most deadly communicable diseases (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2015). The widespread of the human immunodeficiency virus has affected approximately 1.2 million people in the United States, and roughly 35 million worldwide is living with HIV (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). 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A Critical Analysis Of Tensions In Memorial A. H. Essay Example For Students

A Critical Analysis Of Tensions In Memorial A. H. Essay H. A Critical Analysis of Tensions In Memorial A. H. H. During the Victorian Period, long held and comfortable religious beliefsfell under great scrutiny. An early blow to these beliefs came from theUtilitarian, followers of Jeremy Bantam, in the form of a test by reason of manyof the long-standing institutions of England, including the church. When seenthrough the eyes of reason, religion became merely an outmoded superstition(Ford ; Christ 896). If this were not enough for the faithful to contend with,the torch of doubt was soon passed to the scientists. Geologists werepublishing the results of their studies which concluded that the Earth was farolder than the biblical accounts would have it (Ford ; Christ 897). Astronomerswere extending humanitys knowledge of stellar distances, and Natural Historianssuch as Charles Darwin were swiftly building theories of evolution that defiedthe Old Testament version of creation (Ford Christ 897). God seemed to bedissolving before a panicked Englands very eyes, replaced by the vision of acold, mechan istic universe that cared little for our existence. Alfred, Lord Tennyson was painfully aware of the implications of such auniverse, and he struggled with his own doubts about the existence of God. Weglimpse much of his struggles in the poem In Memorial A. H. H., written inmemory of his deceased friend, Arthur Hallam. The poem seemed to be catharticfor Tennyson, for through its writing he not only found an outlet for his griefover Hallams death, but also managed to regain the faith which seemed at timesto have abandoned him. Tennyson regained and firmly reestablished his faiththrough the formation of the idea that God is reconciled with the mechanisticuniverse through a divine plan of evolution, with Hallam as the potential linkto a greater race of humans yet to come. In the first of many lyric units, Tennysons faith in God and Jesusseems strong. He speaks of Believing where we cannot prove (l. 4), and issure that God wilt not leave us in the dust (l. 9). The increasing threatposed to religion by science does not worry Tension here, as he believes thatour increasing knowledge of the universe can be reconciled with faith, saying:Let knowledge grow from more to more, But more of reverence in us dwell; That mind and soul, according well, May make one music as before (1. 25-28). He does anticipate doubt, though, as he asks in advance for Gods forgivenessfor the Confusions of a wasted youth (l. 42). Tennyson here foresees thedifficulties inherent in reconciling God with the cold universe slowly emergingfor the notes of scientists. In order to deal with the tasks set before him, Tennyson must firstboldly face the possibility of a world without God. In stanza number three,Sorrow, personified as a woman, whispers these disconcerting possibilities to agrief-ridden Tennyson, saying, And all the phantom, Nature, stands- / Ahollow form with empty hands (3.9, 12). He questions whether he should embrace or crush Sorrow with all her uncomfortable suggestions. Tennyson goes on to face an even worse possibility than a lonelyuniverse, that being the possibility of an existence without meaning. In thisview, human life is not eternal, and everything returns to dust forever. God islike some wild poet, when he works / Without a conscience or an aim (34.7-8). Why even consider such a God, Tennyson asks, and why not end life all the soonerif this vision of God is true (34.9-12)? He answers himself in the next poem,however, as he banishes such a possibility on the evidence that love could neverexist in such a reality. What we consider to be love would actually be only bea two-dimensional sense of fellowship, such as animals must feel, out ofboredom or crude sensuality (35.21-24)The many poems which follow fluctuate between faith and doubt. Inpoem fifty-four Tennyson consoles himself with the thought:That nothing walks with aimless feet; That not one life shall be destroyed, Or cast as rubbish to the void, When God hat made the pile complete (54.5-9). .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 , .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .postImageUrl , .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 , .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5:hover , .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5:visited , .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5:active { border:0!important; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5:active , .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5 .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u01cb9809a1b258b0fe8ef9c63b15fbe5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Auden's Museum of Fine Art EssayLine nine of poem fifty-four definitely assumes a plan for Gods creation,humanity, and an end goal. In the next two poems, however, he returns to thedoubts which a scientific reading of nature inspires, and reminds himself thatthough nature is So careful of the type (55.7), she is yet careless of thesingle life (55.8). This notion of survival of the fittest is extremelydisconcerting to Tennyson. He notices in poem fifty-six the even more alarmingfact that many species have passed into oblivion, and that humans could verywell follow in their footsteps. This is the mechanistic Nature, red in toothand claw, (56.15) whose existence seemed beyond a care of human lives and humanneeds. No longer were men Gods chosen and beloved, but, on the contrary, theyseemed no more noble than the countless scores of other life which had roamedthe planet and passed into extinction. Tennyson writes:O life as futile, then as frail! O for thy voice to soothe and bless! What hope of answer, or redress? Behind the veil, behind the veil (56.25-28). He feels, here, all too well the possibility of our own cosmic insignificance. The one hope that remains for Tennyson lives in the thought thatevolution might actually be Gods divine plan for humanity. If we have, in fact,developed to our present state from a lower form, then who is to say thatdevelopment has ceased? Might we not be evolving ever closer to Gods image anddivinity itself, leaving behind the Satyr-shape (35.22) and ape-like visage ofour ancestors? The fact that we love, as Tennyson mentioned before, separatesus from animals. To support this idea, Tennyson delves into his relationshipwith Arthur Hallam, a figure linking humanitys present condition to thesuperior race yet to come. In poem sixty-four, Tennyson speaks of Hallam,describing him with the words:And moving up from high to higher, Becomes on Fortunes crowning slope The pillar of a peoples hope, The center of a worlds desire (64.13-16). In subsequent sections, he speaks of the divinity present in Hallam, seeming tocompare him at times even to Jesus, as in poem eighty-four, where he writes, Isee thee sitting crowned with good (84.5), and, later, in unit eighty-seven, we saw / The God within him light his face, / And seem to lift the form, andglow / In azure orbits heavenly-wise (87.35-37). Hallam, Tennyson suggests,would have been a link not only between the present race and that which is tocome, but also between a world in turmoil and the God who will restore it topeace. This notion of the division between chaotic nature and an ordereddivinity is metaphorically expressed through images of the spirit leaving thebody (47.6-7), the body, of course, being the physical entity prone to sicknessand weariness, and the spirit as the transcendent aspect which shall someday bereunited with those in Heaven (47.9-16). He speaks of the coming of the thousand years of peace (106.28),presumably when the higher race is realized and all institutions have beenreformed for the common love of good (106.24). It is not yet time, though,for this race to find fruition. He speaks of Hallam as The herald of a higherrace (118.14), suggesting that his friend was merely a glimpse of what is yetto come. Humanity must yet Move upward, working out the beast, And let the apeand tiger die (118.27-28). In other words, a nature now brutal and cold,careless of life, will someday become, High nature amorous of the good(109.10-11). These words suggest a slow process, not to be accomplished in thelife of merely one man, no matter how great he may be. Tennyson seems comfortedby the contemplation of the golden age to come, though, saying, And all is well,though faith and form / Be sundered in the night of fear (127.1-2). Throughhis contemplation, Tennyson seems to have renewed his faith that nature has notbeen abandoned by God , though science would have us believe it so. .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 , .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .postImageUrl , .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 , .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0:hover , .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0:visited , .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0:active { border:0!important; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0:active , .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0 .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u09cb353b001e8f1b372736912a8e2cd0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pollution and Human Rights: Our fate is in our ha EssayFinally, after addressing these doubts raised by science, Tennyson turnshis sights to the Utilitarian attack on religion. In poem 124, he explains thatone cannot come to God through reason, but must fell divinity. He writes:I found Him not in world or sun, Or eagles wing, or insects eye, Nor through the questions men may try, The petty cobwebs we have spun (124.4-7). Instead, Tennyson rediscovers his faith through the emotion, saying I have felt(124.16). This statement harkens back to the passages in which Tennyson speaksof love as the convincing factor that we are not alone, for without God, lovewould be an excessive and unnecessary dimension, and thus would have no reasonto exist at all in a mechanistic universe.. His love for Hallam, and the hopethat they will someday meet again, is thus the tie which holds Tennyson to hisfaith. Through Hallam, whom Tennyson says, Oerlookst the tumult for afar(127.19), he knows all is well (127.20). With the epilogue, the private, intellectual wars of In Memoriamconclude peacefully. Tennyson describes the wedding day of his sister andsuggests that the child resulting from the union will be yet a closer link /Betwixt us and the crowning raceNo longer half-akin to brute (127-28, 133). He reminds us yet again that Hallum Appeared ere the times were ripe (139),and thus merely anticipated that far-off divine event, / To which the wholecreation moves (143-44). Works CitedFord, George H. and Carol T. Christ. The Victorian Age. The NortonAnthology of English Literature. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York: W. W. Norton andCo., 1993. (pps. 891-910). Tennyson, Alfred, Lord. In Memoriam A. H. H.. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1993. (pps. 1084-1133).